Reading journal, Q1 2024

SO. I realised last year that I was procrastinating on posting my reviews on Goodreads because I was worried that authors would see them and even possibly respond to them, which seems to be a thing that happens there; I also, while I’m in a group that I like very much, am not a big fan of the general vibe on GR. So I decided that I would post any reviews I wrote of books by living authors on my blog instead. And then I still procrastinated on that, because I’m a procrastinator. So now I’m dumping all my relevant Q1 reviews here at once! Whatever!

The Rachel Incident, Caroline O’Donoghue, read 11.01.24

From listening to interviews with the author, it seems like this is the buzziest one of her books has ever been (I think it’s already been acquired for adaptation by Page Boy Productions). I’ve only read one of her earlier novels (Scenes of a Graphic Nature), but I have to say that, for me, that was the more interesting. This does deal with some meaty subjects, like reproductive rights and the GFC, but most of that gets overshadowed by interpersonal relationships in a way that I personally didn’t massively respond to. There’s definitely some rich territory in the friendships between straight women and gay men, but I felt like this only scratched the surface of that, and that James ended up being sidelined in favour of Rachel’s relationship with (the other James) Carey.

There’s a relatively dramatic inciting incident here, which—because of the present-day framing device—means that we learn the fate of a character before we ever really get to know them in the main narrative; maybe that’s not an issue in and of itself, but I felt like there was a lack of pay-off. In particular, we never learn of the emotional impact this has on James, which is—to me, at least—a lot more interesting than hearing about Rachel’s marriage and pregnancy. As with The Great Believers, I feel like there’s a trend of narratives about queer men being filtered through the perspective of straight women. I think it’s a lot more prevalent and problematic in narratives of the AIDS crisis, but this still put me in mind of that pattern.

Another thing that frankly rubbed me the wrong way was the depiction of Deenie: we’re told once or twice about how kind she is, but honestly, I’m not sure we ever see any evidence of that—actually, at one point we see her being very cruel. Then there’s a lot of stuff (because Rachel is a Tall Girl) about how petite Deenie is, and how that’s some kind of personal affront to Rachel. I understand that this reflects Rachel’s own self-image issues, except that she’s narrating from the position of being a woman in her early thirties who is more secure in herself, yet she never really unpacks this attitude. Look: I am a short AFAB person who has never, ever experienced the privileges this is supposed to confer on you (I have found it only makes me more physically vulnerable and prone to being infantilised, but hey, maybe I’m just ungrateful). Forgive me, but I find the whole “woe is me, I’m tall” thing extremely fucking tedious. I’m aware I’m bringing some baggage to this, but yeah, it bugged me.

Despite this being a pro-choice book with major queer characters, there’s also a weirdly natalist slant to the whole thing, in my view: there’s a comment about Deenie and Fred having to work hard not to be pitied for being childless, which I found deeply gross, and there’s a lot of emphasis on Rachel’s pregnancy in the framing device—and yes, I know, Deenie having trouble conceiving is a device to add drama to the abortion storyline, and Rachel’s later pregnancy is probably intended as a way of contrasting a wanted pregnancy with an unwanted one, and that’s all very well, but I just think there are better ways of creating dramatic irony than having a childless character be depicted as pathetic. It would surely not have been so hard to include a character who was happily childless (we are not made aware of whether James Devlin wants children or not—I guess we’re supposed to assume not).

I feel like I’m being really negative here, and I don’t enjoy leaving negative reviews that I think there’s any chance of the author actually reading, but I have to be honest about my feelings. So one last thing: I wasn’t mad keen on the presentation of bisexuality here. I’m the first person to say fuck respectability politics, and I don’t demand that bisexual characters be perfect moral bastions or anything, but given that O’Donoghue is not openly queer and has only ever—to my knowledge—talked about having relationships with men on the record, I feel like it’s fair to scrutinise this a little bit. Fred Byrne embodies an awful lot of negative bisexual stereotypes: cheating, lying, sneaking around; a lot of his problems seem to stem from his “sexual confusion”, or at least an inability to accept and embrace his own queerness. Yes, internalised homophobia is a real thing; yes, bisexual people are just as capable of cheating and lying as anyone else. But given the proliferation of harmful biphobic stereotypes in both straight and queer spaces, I feel like an author who presents as straight—and yet seems to be very invested in having queer main characters in her novels—could stand to be a little bit more thoughtful about how this all might come across.

I do find O’Donoghue’s prose very readable, but this really didn’t work for me anything like as much as her earlier novel. Still, it’s clearly found an enthusiastic audience.

Daisy Jones & The Six, Taylor Jenkins Reid, read 23.01.24

Something made me watch the first episode of the adaptation of this, and I really was not impressed (though realistically I’m probably going to end up watching it all anyway, just out of curiosity). But I saw that the audiobook was available on BorrowBox and decided to check it out.

I have to admit that I’ve been a bit resistant to Jenkins Reid’s work, because it gives off that kind of middlebrow, book club vibe that I’m a snob about. The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo seems to be the one that I’ve heard the most about (still not a lot), and I’m pretty sure that’s queer; a combination of that and the fact that it really seemed to me, based on the trailer, that Sam Claflin’s character was gay made me think that this was a queer book. It was kind of jarring to get maybe halfway through and realise that this is actually a book about a heterosexual love triangle, which is honestly not something I have a lot of interest in. I also wasn’t all that convinced by the supposed central (forbidden) romance, which seems to pivot from enemies to almost-lovers a little bit too quickly. I didn’t really feel like I was given enough reason to care about the connection between these two people.

Another thing that didn’t work for me was the late reveal of the book-within-a-book’s authorship, a revelation that didn’t really meaningfully recontextualise anything for me. Maybe if I had the inclination to go all the way back to the beginning and listen through again, I would pick up on some things that read differently in light of that information, but I don’t think there’s anything major. I guess it allows for the inclusion of the note right at the end, and maybe that justifies it, but it felt a bit cheap to me.

All that said, I really liked the oral history conceit, and I thought that it mostly translated really well to the audiobook medium. I have to admit that I did sometimes lose track of who was talking—there are a lot of characters to remember as it is, and adding to that having to try and keep track of which voice represents which character (they sometimes introduce themselves, sometimes don’t) was not that straightforward for me. I was already struggling sometimes even when they did give their names. I think it’s probably fine to let some of the supporting characters blur together, though—their storylines aren’t that integral.

One thing that particularly impressed me, though I think there could have been more made of this, was the way that different people (usually Billy and Daisy) interpreted the same interaction in completely different ways, depending on their own hang-ups and insecurities. That struck me as being true to life and well-realised here.

I found this an engaging enough listen and a fun experiment with form, though I highly doubt that it’s going to linger in my mind for very long. I mean, watching the video for the 1997 live performance of ‘Silver Springs’ is infinitely more compelling and emotionally engaging than anything that happens here.

The Secret Commonwealth, Philip Pullman, read 16.03.24

I was a huge fan of His Dark Materials back in the day—I sobbed for hours after finished The Amber Spyglass—but I was underwhelmed by La Bella Sauvage (actually, I had been underwhelmed by Northern Lights at first too, so maybe this is a trend). That’s probably why, despite buying this pretty much as soon as it came out—and scoring a snazzy tote bag—I never got around to actually reading it. Recently, though, during a bout of illness which left my concentration span almost nonexistent and forced me to put my reading plans on pause, I discovered that this was available on BorrowBox and thought maybe it was time to give it a chance. I’m so glad I did.

Glancing at Goodreads reviews (always a great idea and not at all depressing), despite averaging out with a very respectable star rating, a lot of people hated this—and I think one of the major reasons is that it depicts an adult man in his early thirties who is in love with a young woman (also an adult) of about twenty, whom he has known for a long time and whom he taught when she was in her teens. Heaven forfend! Now listen—in real life, I might raise an eyebrow at this myself, though I also wouldn’t really think it was any of my business. But the people reacting to this like Philip Pullman is some kind of sex criminal really need to kill the cop in their head. These weird kids with their orthomania around sex and horror of even consensual or imaginary age gaps need to get a fucking grip, man. The pearl-clutching is particularly ridiculous for a couple of reasons: firstly, absolutely nothing sexual happens between Malcolm and Lyra in the course of this novel, and they are only even in the same room a couple of times. Secondly, the novel is so much richer and more ambitious that that—the romance is secondary at best, and there are so many more ideas to engage with if you have the capacity to get beyond a teased romance you find a bit icky. Grow up!

I will very quickly say at this point that the romance between Malcolm and Lyra isn’t particularly my cup of tea so far, and I am still pretty invested in her love for Will, hopeless though it probably is—but again, that is really not the point.

So: the point. Primarily, the theme of the novel is the role of imagination. Pullman has cited Philip Goff, and his book Galilieo’s Error, as an influence. Goff’s contention, as far as I understand it, is that a purely quantitative approach to science, which leaves out consciousness, is fundamentally flawed. As Bart Simpson once asked: “What is the mind? Is it just a system of impulses, or is it something tangible?”.

The problem of consciousness, of course, is a fairly vital question to wrestle with if you have created a world in which the mind, or soul, or at the very least some nameless aspect of the self which is invisible in our own world, is externalised and given material form. This novel is Pullman wrestling with that problem on the page. Fans of the original trilogy have always had questions about how daemons work, and while Pullman is not interested in answering all of them—he still refuses to engage with how daemons are “born”, as is his right—he does tackle many of them here. The twenty-year-old Lyra is not the one we once knew; she has become a staunch rationalist, despite living in a world in which magic patently exists, even flirting with the concept that daemons don’t exist. Pantalaimon, still smarting from what he perceives as her betrayal of him on the shores of the Land of the Dead, finally has enough and decides to set out on his own, to “look for her imagination”. A desolate Lyra goes after him, but Pan’s disappearance isn’t her only trouble—she’s beset by enemies on all sides. She also, though, discovers a number of unlikely allies, as it turns out that she isn’t the only person who has ever lost their daemon, and the person-daemon relationship is far more complicated than she ever knew.

This is a take on the world of Lyra written from a maturing and questioning point of view, not the surety of adolescence; this Lyra is uncertain, flawed, searching. It’s a critique of a purely rationalist worldview which does not allow for the importance of subjective experience or of imagination. It’s also, by the way, a deeply humane novel, which is obviously very concerned with the experiences of refugees and displaced people—and there are subplots about spy rings and religious leaders and a growing crisis in the supply chain of attar of roses. There’s a lot going on!

I can’t help but feel sad that this book doesn’t seem to have been embraced in the way I feel it deserves, and that some people have so many puritanical sexual hangups that they can’t see the far more important wisdom this book contains, and the far more pressing questions it asks.

Wolf Tower, Tanith Lee, read 24.03.24

I read this once as a kid, and it loomed incredibly large in my memory, but then my dad’s house was repossessed, and with it a lot of my childhood possessions—this book among them. I had forgotten what it was called and who it was by; just a few details remained. For years I struggled to find it again, and finally I did. I think I must have reread it as soon as I got hold of it again, so that would make this my third read.

It’s hard to pinpoint exactly what captured my imagination so much as a kid; I think it was, first and foremost, the romance, which I think struck me as quite subversive at the time. The dashing, handsome (blond) prince turns out to be a total washout, and the (dark-skinned) “bandit leader” is the real romantic hero. Having read a bit more widely now, perhaps it’s not as singular as I thought at the time, and perhaps the romance relies a bit too much on attraction and could be a bit better developed—but the sense of chemistry is definitely there. The world-building, while perhaps a bit basic as an adult reader (lots of Capitalised Nouns), is still intriguing and immersive, and Claidi is a compelling protagonist—not too good, and believably naive, but not selfish or stupid.

I’d like to read more Tanith Lee, as I know she was a very prolific writer and I’ve heard good things about her other work.

2022 in Review

2021 was an extremely mixed year for me: I graduated from my MA programme with a Distinction, but I also experienced a couple of bereavements that hit me very hard. At the very end of the year I adopted my beautiful cat, who continues to be a source of joy, though I’ve never had to deal with this many dead rodents before, so that’s been a fun new challenge.

2022 was, on the whole, quieter; the highs weren’t as high, the lows weren’t as low. A lot of plans fell through. I applied for PhD funding but didn’t get it, so that’s been indefinitely put on hold. I intended to relocate back closer to my family, but the prohibitive rental market put paid to that. I started and then quit a job (technically I had already been doing the job for a while before that, but I accepted a permanent contract at the job and then quit). Still, there have been a few small accomplishments that are worth mentioning, as well as several things I’ve enjoyed a lot over the course of the year which I’d like to talk about.

Writing

I didn’t really have a big writing project last year—in 2021 I had my dissertation, and two years before that I wrote a book, so maybe every other year is fallow for me? That said, I did keep up my regular writing practice, which is usually 500 words a day, six days a week. A bit of quick maths tells me that amounts to 156000+ words in a year*, which is definitely novel-length, and a relatively hefty one at that. A huge amount of those words, though, are film reviews which go up on my Letterboxd page. While of course this “counts” as writing, maybe it’s a distraction from really focusing on a more personal or long-term project which might require a bit more stamina or depth. That’s why, for 2023, I’ve decided to put the film reviews on indefinite hiatus (probably not for the whole year, but that’s TBD) while I work on some other ideas. Since making that decision, I’ve already made significant progress on a long short story which has been patiently waiting among my drafts for a while, and I’m feeling very positive about it… though I kind of miss my film reviews. Maybe I can somehow make time for both!

Of course, I did do NaPo again last year. I can’t remember how many years I’ve now being doing it in a row, but it’s a really enjoyable tradition for me, even if I barely write any poetry for the rest of the year these days

*Nowhere near an exact figure, because in April I usually set a goal of one poem a day rather than the 500 words (and they can vary hugely in length), but also, I often write much more than 500 words. So who knows!

Reading

I took on a big reading project last year, which was to read Ulysses by Bloomsday. I couldn’t find an edition I really liked, that was both readable (decent paper and print size) but also had good annotations, so I actually ended up reading most of it on genius.com—it’s all on there, since it’s out of copyright in the US! There are user-generated annotations of wildly varying quality, and honestly I think that trying to read them all ended up slowing me down and disrupting my flow. I also read two readers’ guides concurrently, and I think that I should have stuck to just focusing on the text and then filling in the gaps with the readers’ guides rather than using the heavily annotated version. Still, I can definitely say that I’ve read Ulysses, which at one point in my life I really never thought I would!

While that took up quite a bit of my reading time in the first half of the year, I did still exceed my reading goal on Goodreads, for the second time in two years. I read 50 in 2021 and 59 in 2022, which is a huge leap from where I was for several years before, when I really lost my mojo for reading for a long time (a combination of factors played into that). I should say that that count included audiobooks, rereads and graphic novels/TPBs, but as far as I’m concerned it’s all essentially reading. I love audiobooks, and some of my favourite “reading” experiences have been listening to an Elizabeth Gaskell audiobook on a long walk. I find that I usually have just as much retention of things I’ve listened to as things I’ve read—sure, it’s possible to get distracted, but I am entirely capable of getting distracted while trying to read too, or of not doing it because I don’t have time, or because the light isn’t good enough in my room (my clip-on lamp broke!), or whatever. I don’t think I listen to audiobooks at the expense of physically reading; I think they just increase the amount of time I can devote to enjoying literature.

Apart from Ulysses, my biggest discovery last year was Theodore Sturgeon. I had previously known the name, but he was just one of many Golden Age or adjacent science fiction writers I’d never read (I think Heinlein was pretty much the only one I had). I vaguely knew that he was the model for Kilgore Trout, which I think gave me a distorted view of him. On looking into it a bit more, I think Vonnegut mostly took the piscine name and the fact that Sturgeon was down on his luck when the two men met—nothing, really, about his writing style or who he was as a person. Thanks, again, to audiobooks, I made my way through most of his bibliography—everything that’s on the Audible Plus catalogue, which includes Some of your Blood (my baptism by fire to his writing), Venus Plus X, More Than Human and To Marry Medusa. I was completely taken aback by how ahead of his time he was, both in his enlightened attitudes towards sex and gender (years before Left Hand of Darkness!) and his ideas.

I review pretty much everything I read/listen to here on Goodreads.

Language learning

As I’ve blogged about a couple of times, I decided to start learning Irish this year. I made a lot of progress! According to Duolingo’s stats, I was in the top 1% of learners for the year. I’ve been in the Diamond league basically forever (can’t ever quite seem to make that top three in the semi-finals or whatever it is). At time of writing I have nearly hit a streak of 365 days!

Of course, Duolingo is all very well, but by itself it’s not the best way to learn. I also completed the Dublin City University online courses (available on FutureLearn) up to 104. I’ve been taking a break from them for the last couple of months because they ended up being quite a significant time commitment, and I was struggling to keep up, but I definitely hope to continue with them in the not-too-distant.

Gaming

I have to admit I didn’t play a ton of games last year, and most of what I did play wasn’t new: I completed The Outer Worlds around the start of the year, which I enjoyed a lot—I’d describe it as Fallout in space, but with more of an overt anti-capitalist message, which ticks a lot of boxes for me. I’d also say that the companion NPCs are better-developed than in Fallout, on the whole (at least in my experience/memory—the only game in the series I actually completed was F:NV). While it obviously did attract an audience, I feel like it flew under the radar more than it deserved, though a sequel has been announced so I’m looking forward to that.

For most of the year, most of my gaming hours were sunk into Assassin’s Creed: Odyssey. While I enjoyed the experience of playing it at the time, I have to say that the story hasn’t really stuck with me that much. It was my first time playing an AC game (apart from once attempting to play the first one on a janky PC, years ago, and giving up), and I know it was a bit of a departure for the series, moving closer to an RPG format than previous entries. Still, it’s ridiculously overstuffed with sidequests, sometimes tiresome procedurally generated ones, which makes it start to feel a bit repetitive after a while. I couldn’t help but compare it unfavourably to HZD, which I nearly platinumed (everything except a couple of dummies I didn’t knock over) and which I think has an excellent storyline and compelling gameplay. That said, there were some subplots and relationships I really liked, especially the Silver Islands storyline with Kyra, and anything involving Alcibiades. The voice acting is very variable, though—it feels like some of the actors barely understand the lines they’re delivering, and the emphasis is pretty consistently off.

To bookend the year (I think I started this right at the end of 2022, anyway—maybe it was right at the beginning of 2023? Oh well), another Fallout-adjacent game, Pentiment (which shares a director, Josh Sawyer, with F:NV). This game is clearly an immense labour of love, heavily researched and steeped in literary references; it only exists because of the opportunities afforded by digital distribution and a service like GamePass, which allows for niche projects like this to be funded.

Viewing

I won’t go into too much detail here, as I’m planning a podcast episode or two about my favourites of 2022 in the near future. I’ve already blogged about House of the Dragon and The Bastard Son & The Devil Himself, but other discoveries this year for me included The Orville, which I never expected to like but found myself totally won over by (I should say I skipped season one, which is supposedly the weakest). Another was Hacks, which had somehow flown under my radar but has rapidly become a favourite. I also binged pretty much all of Work In Progress late in the year, as well as finally watching The Comeback. The TV standout, though, was probably Severance—I can’t say enough good things about it: it functions as a compelling drama, an inspired sci-fi and a commentary on workplace culture and exploitation.

I have a list on Letterboxd ranking all the 2022 movies I’ve watched so far, as well as pretty in-depth reviews for almost everything I watch (plus that podcast episode I mentioned), so I won’t repeat myself here. I’ll just say that it was a great year for animation: The House, Turning Red and The Sea Beast were all standouts this year. Like everyone else, I really enjoyed Everything Everywhere All At Once (though maybe not as much as everyone else); I enjoyed 3000 Years of Longing and Blonde much more than most people.

I’m going to wrap this post up now so I can publish it while it’s still January (honestly, I forgot about it for a little while and it sat half-finished in my drafts—whoops!). 2023 looks set to be a year full of changes, and I’m excited to see what’s around the corner. Have a good one!

Stuff I’ve been digging this week

I don’t post on this blog as often as I’d like, but I felt like sharing some of the things I’ve been finding interesting this week. It may or may not become a regular feature!

On TV

I’ve finally bitten the bullet and cancelled my Netflix account, but I still have it until the beginning of next month, so I’ve been cramming. Since I have limited time, I’ll only watch stuff that really grabs my attention; I know some things are growers, but I don’t have time for that! For example, I started watching Heartstopper, but I had to conclude that it just wasn’t for me. Way too wholesome!

So, the main thing I want to recommend is The Bastard Son & The Devil Himself. It’s based on an apparently popular YA series, Half Bad by Sally Green, which I have never heard of because I am an OA (Old Adult). From what I gather, the show is a major improvement on the source material.

I was never the biggest Harry Potter fan (which has definitely made my life easier over the past couple of years), but I do love fantasy, including fantasy that riffs on the Harry Potter mythos like Lev Grossman’s The Magicians. TBS&TDH doesn’t strictly feel Harry Potter inspired–if anything, it reminded me more of the Wicca YA series (known as Sweep in other territories), which I began reading when I actually was a YA. Still, comparisons abound, despite the show not actually featuring a magical school, which is surely the main hallmark of the Harry Potter series.

It feels like Netflix isn’t sure how to market this show; the original thumbnail has been replaced with one which prominently displays HALF BAD, with the actual unwieldy title in a much smaller font underneath. I do hope this is getting an audience, though, since it’s some bold programming with a real sense of place (actual ASDA shopping bags!), not the liminal transatlantic world of something like Sex Education.

If you want to check out what else I’ve been watching, you can always check out my Letterboxd.

Reading

Along with Netflix, I’m also cancelling Kindle Unlimited and Audible this month, the upshot being that I’m trying to listen to, read and watch a bunch of stuff all at once. It’s not going well! I feel stressed!

I have been reading Cory Doctorow’s Radicalized, a collection of four novellas. I’ve been interested in Doctorow for a while, but this is my first time I’ve actually got around to reading his stuff. I loved the first story, Unauthorized Bread, but I was less impressed by Model Minority. On starting Radicalized (the title story), I decided to skip ahead, since I’m sensitive to certain medical stuff–I’d already suffered through the upsetting depictions of police brutality in the previous story, and hadn’t ultimately felt it was worth it. I’m now going back and forth on whether to finish the final story in the collection or just move on to something new. I’ll definitely give Doctorow another chance at some point, but I’m not feeling motivated to carry on with this collection just now.

Meanwhile, on Audible, I’ve been making a lot of use of the Plus Catalogue. The big discovery for me has been Theodore Sturgeon. The first thing I listened to was Some of Your Blood, a psychological horror novella written in epistolary form. I wouldn’t call it scary per se–good for me–but I did find it gripping and surprisingly affecting. Then I listened to Venus Plus X, published nine years before Ursula Le Guin’s Left Hand of Darkness but exploring a lot of the same ideas from a different angle. I couldn’t believe how ahead of its time it was. Now I’m listening to More Than Human, but I’m afraid I won’t have time to finish it before my subscription ends, so I may end up trying to get hold of a physical copy.

If you’re interested, you can read more detailed reviews over on my Goodreads.

Online

This online puzzle box is very cool, though be warned, for me it crashed when I had nearly completed it and I lost my progress. It got recommended by BoingBoing, and I think the server couldn’t handle the increased traffic. Part of my brain wanted me to start again from the very beginning, but instead I did the sane thing and used the solutions. Okay, I have a confession to make: I transposed the sudoku puzzles to an online soduko maker, but I messed up (I left an entire line of numbers off), so I had to use one of the solutions the first time around, too. Phew, glad I got that off my chest.

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With twitter on the decline, I’ve been turning back to discord–I was an early adopter of Mastodon, but it was never really my scene, and the instance I originally joined went offline in 2018. Besides, while I’m addicted to twitter, I don’t actually want to try and replace it with a clone; I don’t think it’s a good place for my mental health. I don’t have a ton of interactions on there, and when I make my account public I just end up getting myself into stupid arguments with obnoxious strangers in somebody else’s mentions, which is bad for everyone.

Is discord a good solution? I don’t know. I often get overwhelmed by the pace, and there tends to be at least one person in any given discord that I find annoying at the very least (hey, I never claimed to be gregarious). You can’t choose whom you follow; while you can “Block” people, all it does is hide their messages–but still leaves a tempting option to reveal them, which I always end up clicking when my curiosity gets the better of me. I’ve joined and left several discords at this point after I either became overwhelmed or had an interaction that went sour.

Still, at least everyone on a particular discord is there because they have some kind of shared interest, plus it’s almost inherently interactive. Rather than feeling like you’re pouring things out into a void and rarely being acknowledged, you’re practically guaranteed to get some kind of response. Of course, that could be a double-edged sword.

For now, I’m going to stick around on a few discords and see how I get on; maybe at some point I’ll manage to kick my social media habit for good.

Ulysses episodes, ranked: a Bloomsday blog (part 3)

A little later than intended, the third and final part of my series of Bloomsday blogs. Check out the Bloomsday 2022 tag for the others.

This is my attempt at a ranking of Ulysses chapters, though the order has gone through various permutations as I’ve put this post together, particularly in the middle. I don’t know if it’s possible for me to really come up with a stable ranking, and I’m certain this isn’t it, but it at least gives some indication of which elements of the novel captured my imagination and which left me cold.

Proteus

The final and most tiresome of the three introductory chapters, in this chapter Stephen walks along the beach thinking about Aristotle. It’s a development of the stream-of-consciousness style Joyce started to introduce in chapter one, but doesn’t offer much else, at least on this initial read.

Telemachus

Our introduction to Stephen, though the chapter is really dominated by “Stately, plump Buck Mulligan”, his blasphemies and his insults. Given how virtuosic and playful later chapters become, this isn’t the most promising introduction. While the novel continues to be difficult throughout, there’s more joy to be had as it goes along.

Scylla and Charybdis

Almost as tiresome as ‘Proteus’ in its self-conscious erudition, at least this chapter gives us something to chew on with Stephen’s far-fetched Shakespeare theories, continuing the Hamlet associations which have already been established. There’s an interesting debate about whether the biographical details of Shakespeare’s life should be taken into account in readings of his plays, which seems to prefigure Barthes’ ‘Death of the Author’, which would come out 45 years after Ulysses (the autobiographical figure of Stephen Dedalus seems to come down on the side of biographical readings, though it’s frequently difficult to gauge his sincerity).

Aeolus

The novel often suffers when Bloom isn’t present, and here he is mostly sidelined. There’s some fun to be had with the newspaper headlines, but the blustery chapter with all its crosstalk isn’t especially endearing. That said, it is one of Joyce’s first forays in the novel into experimenting with different forms, and it certainly does conjure the atmosphere of a smoky newsroom where self-important men hold forth.

Lotus Eaters

A sleepy chapter by design; there’s definitely a sense of atmosphere being created here, but it does little to move us along, and is less playful than the later chapters. It’s probably most notable for being the chapter in which Bloom buys his bar of lemon soap.

Oxen of the Sun

Though, like ‘Cyclops’, this chapter contains a playful mix of registers, it’s a more challenging and less joyous read. It’s the first time we really see Bloom and Stephen together, but they don’t really interact; Bloom muses on Stephen a little, and decides to follow him to Nighttown to watch out for his safety, but his interest is not reciprocated. We’re moving closer to the collision of the two men, but we’re not there yet. Any enjoyment to be got out of this chapter is due to its playfulness with language rather than any narrative development, and that playfulness is often a barrier to understanding, making this episode a bit of an uphill climb.

Nestor

Of the three introductory chapters, this one gave me the most enjoyment. We see Stephen sympathise with an underdog student, and the figure of Mr Deasy feels like more than Joyce simply settling old scores, unlike with Mulligan and Haines (both based on people Joyce felt had really fecked him over down the years, to borrow a phrase from Father Ted).

Penelope

What heresy is this?! The famous Molly Bloom soliloquy, not even making the top ten? Believe it!

To me, this chapter is far less revelatory of Molly’s character than I was led to believe. How much does her own account of herself differ, really, from what we’ve already heard of her throughout the book? As an exercise in ventriloquism or an insight into the feminine psyche, I find it less impressive than Nausicaa; as a stylistic experiment, it’s surpassed by several other chapters (‘Oxen of the Sun’, ‘Circe’, ‘Eumeaus’ and more). It’s almost as difficult to read as ‘Proteus’. Perhaps if it hadn’t been built up so much, I might have enjoyed it more, but given the rave reviews I’d heard of this chapter it came as a bit of a damp squib for me.

Lestrygonians

A few notable occurrences here: Bloom is given a “throwaway” (flyer or leaflet) which is to become a motif; he casts his bread upon the water; he runs into an old sweetheart, now married to a mentally ill man (these characters will also recur); he eats lunch; he narrowly avoids running into his wife’s lover on the street. The passages in which he flees in horror from an unwholesome eating establishment are particularly well-rendered. There’s lots to like, but none of it drives the story forwards very much, which makes it a chapter that tends to fade from my memory.

Wandering Rocks

As the midpoint of the book, this marks a turning point in approach. From this chapter on, the novel seems to expand, more or less abandoning the internal monologue which dominated earlier sections and becoming even more adventurous and diverse, both in terms of register and point of view. The chapter gives voice to some of the novel’s more minor characters, as well as a few we haven’t met yet; most moving is the passage we spend with the late Paddy Dignam’s young son.

Sirens

Although this episode contains the event Bloom has been dreading all day—Boylan’s visit with Molly— it is more concerned with style than with substance; it is written in such a way as to evoke the sound of music. Coming immediately after ‘Wandering Rocks’ (in the novel itself as well as in this list), it presages the way the novel is about to transform into what is primarily a series of stylistic experiments, though it will not entirely lose sight of the humanity of its subjects.

Eumeaus

Like ‘Penelope’, this is a distracted episode, seemingly filtered entirely through Bloom’s consciousness, though not written in the interior monologue style established in earlier chapters. The Homeric parallels once again come through quite clearly here, as a very drunk Stephen and a concerned Bloom stop at a cabman’s shelter for coffee and a bun, which Bloom attempts to persuade Stephen to eat. Here, they encounter a number of sailors who share their tall tales with the pair. One of these is an obvious Odysseus analogue, talking about his long separation from his wife and his sea voyages; one interpretation is to let this overshadow Bloom’s status as the novel’s hero, since hos own wanderings are far more prosaic, but for me the sailor’s self-aggrandising serves to elevate Bloom rather than diminish him; he is, by far, the truer Odysseus, even though he doesn;t conduct his adventures in the epic register but in that of the everyday.

An important chapter, but sometimes a frustrating one, as the narrator/Bloom’s insistence on following every possible thread to its logical conclusion makes it prone to meandering.

Hades

For whatever reason—I think it was due to external factors rather than anything to do with the writing—I seemed to get stuck on this chapter for a while, which perhaps makes it loom larger than it otherwise would. Still, it’s fairly pivotal, establishing Bloom’s outsider status among the Catholic Dubliners of his acquaintance and giving us a great deal of insight into his character as he attends Paddy Dignam’s funeral. Menton’s brush-off when Bloom informs him that his hat is “a little crushed” is one of the novel’s most poignant moments.

Calypso

Finally, we’re introduced to our true hero, Bloom! After spending three chapters with Stephen, this reader was more than ready for a change of pace. We’re also introduced to Bloom’s cat and her famous “Mrkgnao!”. This chapter might not rank so high if it didn’t immediately follow the introductory Stephen chapters, particularly ‘Proteus’. This episode gives us Philip Beaufoy’s short story, which Bloom will frequently think of as the day goes on.

Cyclops

In Homer, Odysseus/Ulysses tells the cyclops Polyphemus that his name is “Noman”, so that when the Polyphemus calls for help, his neighbours hear him shouting that “Noman is blinding him!” and ask him, if no man is blinding him, then what’s all the ruckus about?

The “Noman” figure, like so much in Joyce, is multivalent here, as are references to blindness and being “one-eyed”. The episode’s narrator is an unnamed Dubliner, suspicious of Bloom and of almost everyone else he encounters. The Polyphemus figure is known only as “the Citizen”. Bloom is perhaps at his most Odysseus-like in this episode, as he vanquishes the antisemitism of the nationalists with his nuanced counterarguments. In the end, he narrowly escapes being brained by a biscuit-tin when it’s falsely believed that he’s won a packet on the horses and is meanly refusing to stand everyone a pint.

The patois of Dublin breathes life into this episode in a way that makes it a joy to read, and it gives us a more jaundiced account of Bloom than we’re privy to anywhere else in the novel (which, of course, has the effect on most readers of increasing our sympathy for him all the more).

Circe

Often called “hallucinatory”, this episode is written in the style of a stageplay script, though any attempt to actually stage it would certainly present a number of challenges. This might be our most reveltory insight into Bloom’s character yet, as we explore the guilts and perversions which haunt him. This is a funny, bawdy, carnivalesque chapter; part long dark night of the soul, part farce, it contains what many consider to be the novel’s central event: Bloom’s rescue of Stephen after a drunken misunderstanding leads him into a fight with two English soldiers.

There are echoes of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland here, in the dreamlike fluidity of character and place, and the surreal trial Bloom undergoes, in which he seems to be variously accused of everything from sexual harassment to plagiarism. The groundwork has been laid in previous chapters, but it is here that the novel truly takes flight into the realms of fantasy.

Nausicaa

As one of the least “difficult” chapters, written as it is in one of the most accessible styles Joyce employs throughout the novel—that of a romantic magazine story aimed at young women—this came as something of a welcome respite. Reading this novel, while rewarding, can sometimes feel a lot like homework, and is certainly very time consuming. By contrast, this chapter breezes along. That’s not to say that it’s shallow, though. While it may seem that Joyce is mocking Gerty MacDowell, the narrative voice through whom most of this chapter is filtered, there’s an interesting complexity and tension between her immature fantasies and earthy reality. This may be one of the more insightful portrayals of female sexuality ever written by a man, and the late reveal of her “defect” is poignant and sympathetic. Bloom’s subsequent unchivalrous thoughts cast him in a somewhat unsympathetic light after our time with her, in an interesting contrast to the rest of the novel, where critics of Bloom tend to be villains and Bloom the peacemaker is generally the more likable character in a given scene.

I think it would be a mistake to dismiss Gerty: as Blamires tells us, “satire and sympathy can co-exist” in Joyce (xiii). As Killeen points out in his analysis of the episode (153), we are all subsumed in the dominant discourses of our culture; Gerty is the rule, not the exception, and we are in no position to view her with superiority.

This brings me to making an argument I actually haven’t yet seen elsewhere, namely that there is a case to be made for Gerty as a Stephen analogue. They are both about the same age; we are introduced to both of them in the company of two companions with whom they have an uneasy relationship, while they are overlooking the sea; Gerty has hurt her leg in an accident, leaving her with a limp, and Stephen has broken his glasses in an accident, leaving him partially sighted; they both have alcoholic fathers by whom they feel somewhat burdened. We might be tempted to deny this comparison by pointing out Stephen’s fierce intelligence, his erudition; he doesn’t express himself through cliché! Well… certainly, Stephen is intelligent; more so than Gerty, yes, but also more so than most of the young people of his acquaintance. He has also had access to an education which Gerty has been denied—and he expresses himself in the idiom of that education. His scrap of a poem, the only real act of creation he achieves in the course of the novel, is plagiarised from Douglas Hyde. His Shakespeare theories are absurd. His aphorisms, such as “history is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake” and his description of a pier as a “disappointed bridge”, are hardly profound (though his “cracked looking-glass” comment is good). Just as it would be a mistake to reckon Gerty too low, it would be a mistake to reckon Stephen too high; they are not so very different—they are each immature, uncertain, and not yet able to establish an identity which is not the product of their respective literary preoccupations.

Ithaca

Blamires tells us that this was Joyce’s favourite episode (xvi), though he declines to include any citation for this claim. Regardless of whether it truly was Joyce’s, it’s definitely mine. The style, in the Gilbert schema, is given as “Catechism (impersonal)”, but a modern and/or non-Catholic reader might be tempted to use the term “Q&A”. While the ultimate meeting of minds—such as it is—between Bloom and Stephen might come as something of an anticlimax, an intense feeling of peace suffuses the episode. Killeen (218) quotes Hugh Kenner as using the apt phrase “an oddly cathedralised poetry” (I found the source of the quotation in an online version of Dublin’s Joyce, but the digitisation process had rendered it practically unreadable). It is in this episode that Joyce uses the beautiful and evocative phrase “the heaventree of stars hung with humid nightblue fruit”.

When Bloom is finally left alone, he conducts an inventory of his day. Dispassionately (seemingly), more details than ever before are revealed about his life, particularly the circumstances of his father’s death. “Impersonal” though the episode might appear at first, there are moments when Bloom’s subjectivity can be perceived, and the distancing effect of the technique doesn’t serve to dehumanise Bloom in the least. It imposes an order, if perhaps an artificial one, on the chaos and variety of the day; an order that Molly, like Penelope, will soon unpick.

The Panickiad: a Bloomsday blog (part 2)

This is the second of my blog posts for Bloomsday. The third and final will go up tomorrow. Check out the Bloomsday 2022 tag for the others.

This year marks the centenary of Ulysses‘ publication, but it was set eighteen years earlier. The actual date of publication was the 2nd of February, Joyce’s birthday (also Groundhog Day!), so perhaps that should technically have been the focal point of celebration; Joyce mentions a “Bloom’s day” in his letters as early as 1924, but the first famous one was in 1954, fifty years after the events of the novel, led by Flann O’Brien and others. So perhaps the 16th of June, 2022—which is not exactly a hundred years since the date of publication, nor anything close to a hundred years since the date of Leopold Bloom’s odyssey, nor a round number of years since 1954—is a bit of an uncertain anniversary (though it does, like the one in the novel, fall on a Thursday). Still, it’s the first Bloomsday I’ve ever celebrated, and I wanted to do something. I couldn’t really make the pilgrimage to Dublin—it’s a bit too far for me to travel under current circumstances. I did think of dressing up in Edwardian costume, but that would have required more of a financial outlay than I was willing to make. I could have stayed in bed all day like Molly Bloom, but that’s not much of a novelty. I also had no funerals to go to, ads to sell, or Hamlet theories to expound, and I’d rather not go to a brothel or lock myself out of the house.

I did find my own way, though, to mark Bloomsday. Here I present to you my own Bloomian journey, with additional commentary from a renowned Panicky scholar.

9.30am: Mrkgnao! I feed my cat. Mr Kelly eats with relish the biscuits of fowls.

Commentary: There is more than one reversal at play here. While Mr Bloom’s cat remains unnamed in the text, “Mr Kelly” is only one of several names Panicky’s cat can boast; he is variously referred to as Kellas, Kit Kelly and Kit Kat. Bloom, meanwhile, goes variously by Leopold, Mr Bloom, Henry Flower, and even Miss Bloom; there are also references to his father’s original Hungarian name of ‘Virag’, before he changed it by deed poll. By contrast, Panicky refuses to reveal her (to use the pronoun of least resistance) legal name, going instead by a handle.

There is also a reversal of sex: Mr Bloom’s cat is female, and Panicky’s cat is male (though castrated). The fact that Panicky does not strictly identify as a woman does not negate this reversal, since Bloom himself is an androgynous figure, as brought out most strongly in the ‘Circe’ chapter. Indeed, there is scope for contemporary readings of both Bloom and Molly as in some way genderqueer or genderfluid.

The transformation of “innards” into “biscuits” could be read as showing an increasing reliance on processed food in the intervening century, though processed foods are in fact a feature of Joyce’s text.

10am: I eat with relish the ovum of fowl.

Commentary: Unlike Bloom, Panicky does not eat meat. While Bloom does have some misgivings about his meat consumption, he is ultimately driven by corporeal desires. The same is not true of Panicky, who fastidiously abstains from all meat and dairy products, in addition to other lifestyle choices made in deference to environmental concerns. While she and Bloom are alike in not having had penetrative sex for many years, they have different motivations for this.

10.30am: I make myself a cup of coffee and sit in my hammock to drink it, but fumble and spill hot coffee all over my genitals. I change out of my now-soaked underwear and sleep trousers and into a pair of yellow silk boxer shorts with little elephants on them which I bought secondhand several years ago from ‘White Rose’, a secondhand shop in Nottingham.

Commentary: This episode is rich in symbolism. The burning of the genitals recalls the “burnt offering” Bloom refers to in ‘Ithaca’—the burnt kidney of the ‘Calypso’ chapter; it also brings to mind Buck Mulligan’s epithet for God, “the collector of prepuces”. However, the multivalence of associations and allusions does not stop there. Think of Bloom’s symbolic castration, literalised in the ‘Circe’ episode, or of Molly Bloom’s memory of “sitting in a swamp” in ‘Penelope’.

The first-time reader may miss a more obscure correspondence. In ‘Telemachus’, it is Haines who is seen rising from a hammock. Like Bloom, Panicky has Irish citizenship, but is of mixed provenance; unlike Bloom, however, she is primarily of British descent. The blood of the coloniser occupies her person, much as the Martello tower is occupied by Haines. Might this act of self-harm, subconscious though it is, reflect the internal conflict between the Irish and British aspects of herself?

One last note is the yellow silk boxer shorts. Panicky would not normally wear silk, given that the production process necessitates the death of silkworms; however, these are secondhand, or “left off”—note the correspondence to Molly Bloom, who “has left off clothes of all descriptions”. Yellow is Buck Mulligan’s signature colour, and the elephants recall Bloom’s orientalist musings. The reference to Nottingham is also interesting: Nottingham is Panicky’s home town, just as Dublin is Stephen’s and Joyce’s; she was often unhappy there, as were Stephen and Joyce, but is currently planning to return, at least temporarily, just as Stephen has. Indeed, in this respect she is closer to Stephen, the uncertain graduate, than she is to Bloom. It is worth remembering that Joyce was writing about Dublin while in self-imposed exile, and never physically returned there, despite never leaving it in his writing. Panicky’s reference to the city, though offhand, may reflect its primacy in her subconscious.

11.30am: I try to finish reading ‘Penelope’, but keep getting distracted.

Commentary: While, of the novel’s three main protagonists, Panicky is closest in age and sex to Molly Bloom, correspondences between the two are scant. Here, we see what is probably the nearest allusion to Molly; Molly also gets distracted from her reading on the morning of June the 16th. If Molly stumbles over a long word (“metempsychosis”) in her smutty book, Panicky is also reading a book with both smut and stumbling blocks galore.

1pm: I set off to Blyth South Beach on my bike, passing several Union flags still displayed for the Jubilee. I’m listening to ‘Blind Date With Bloomsday’ on BBC Sounds, and the segment of the latest TLS podcast which concerns Bloomsday.

Commentary: The Union flags are, of course, a development of the theme of British imperialism already hinted at in the coffee episode.

Also of interest is the bicycle. The safety bicycle, though invented two decades or so before the action of Ulysses, does not feature prominently in the novel, except for a brief mention in the ‘Nausicaa’ chapter; most of the characters locomote via the means of perambulation. The bicycle was, in Joyce’s time, associated with increased mobility for women; in Panicky’s time, though, it is more associated with environmentalism. In either case, it may be considered a forward-thinking vehicle, perhaps marking Panicky as a progressive in Bloom’s mould. Of course, it may also simply signify that she cannot afford a car.

Podcasts would not have been available in 1904; indeed, sound recording in itself was a very new invention. Sound and music, however, are of great importance to Ulysses.

1.30pm: I walk along the strand listening to the RTE dramatisation of the ‘Proteus’ chapter. At one point I mutter “ineluctable modality of the visible” to myself. I also try closing my eyes as I walk along the strand, but open them just in time to see a small crab almost being washed over my bare feet.

Commentary: While Panicky is explicitly linking herself with Stephen Dedalus here, a cynical reader might be tempted to point out that—in filtering her identity through her reading material—Panicky is closer to Gerty MacDowell. That said, the same accusation could really be levelled at Stephen himself; while the literature he has access to is wider, more obscure and academic, his identity is obviously strongly shaped by those influences. Even his poem in the ‘Proteus’ chapter is almost entirely plagiarised from a passage of Douglas Hyde’s; he has yet to establish a singular voice.

2.30pm: I get chips and a coffee. At first I eat them at one of the outside tables, but I’m put off by the number of people coughing around me, so I move to one of the benches overlooking the sea. I participate in a twitter discussion about animal personhood and the ethics of eating meat.

Commentary: Another episode very rich with symbolism. The obvious allusions are to the ‘Lestrygonians’ chapter: like Bloom, Panicky retreats from one eating establishment after being disgusted by the clientele, though in her case, this is due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic (Joyce was also writing in the wake of a similar pandemic, though there are of course no textual references to it given the book’s setting eighteen years earlier). Her continued caution, in contrast to the other patrons, further marks her as an outsider or nonconformist, like Joyce’s two principal characters (Stephen by design, Bloom by accident of birth).

Also in ‘Lestrygonians’, Bloom ponders the ethics of meat-eating; the theme of animal cruelty and his attitude towards it will recur in ‘Circe’. This is externalised to twitter in Panicky’s case, which brings up another interesting point: the polyphony of Dublin’s streets and pubs has been transferred to social media.

There is also a tenuous link to ‘Eumeaus’ here, in which Stephen and Bloom buy coffee and a bun in a cabman’s shelter. However, the ‘Lestrygonians’ parallels are much stronger.

5pm: I have a bath, washing with lemon soap.

Commentary: Note the time jump here, which elides the journey home. These lacunae do appear in Joyce’s text, often—but not always—masking a traumatic event. For example, we are not privy to either Stephen’s fight with Buck Mulligan in which he hurts his hand, or Bloom’s visit to the widow Dignam’s house. At other times, as in the time elapsed between the ‘Nestor’ and ‘Proteus’ episodes, we are given no reason to infer that any significant event has happened. The same is true here. If Panicky were attempting a novel-length work over a period of years, as was Joyce, she might be able to develop these non-events into stream of consciousness passages, but she is prohibited by limitations of time and scope.

Bloom buys lemon soap and ponders a Turkish bath in ‘Lotus Eaters’; it is later confirmed that he did bathe, but it happens off-page.

6pm: I work on this blog post.

Commentary: An interesting piece of metatextuality, recalling the “Jamesy” moment in ‘Penelope’. Given that subsequent events are alluded to within the blog post itself, it can be assumed that she does not finish writing it here, and continues to add to it throughout the rest of the evening.

7pm: I finish Ulysses.

Commentary: Curious that Panicky finishes the novel so late in the day, having already performed a number of Bloomsday-related activities. It might be wondered why she didn’t finish the novel beforehand, cycling to the coast later when she could have avoided some of the day’s heat, especially since it is nearly midsummer and the days are exceptionally long. This may have been an oversight.

7.30pm: I go to the shops, since I seem to remember that a few things I saw in M&S the other day are due to expire, so they might be reduced. The selection doesn’t turn out to be as good as I thought, but I pick up a couple of things, then go to ASDA and buy some plums.

Commentary: Unlike Bloom, Panicky visits the shops at the end of the day, not the beginning—for pecuniary reasons. This would seem to confirm her perilous financial status, or at least that she—like Bloom—is prudent with money.

Plums are something of a motif in Ulysses; it’s likely that Panicky bought them precisely for this reason.

10.30pm: I get up to take my pill.

Commentary: An episode which is sparse in details, though it does recall ‘Oxen of the Sun’ in its reference to contraceptives (though Panicky does not use them for contraceptive purposes but rather to prevent painful menstruation, something Molly Bloom could only dream of). Note another ellipsis (it seems unlikely that Panicky has been shopping all this time).

10.45pm: I practice Irish on Duolingo.

Most of the Gaelophones in Joyce are not depicted very sympathetically, from the English appropriator Haines to the antisemitic Irish nationalists. However, it would be a mistake to interpret this too simplistically, since some of the nationalist arguments employed by the novel’s villains—particularly concerning Ireland’s reforestation—can also be found in Joyce’s lectures. Additionally, the recovery of the Irish language over recent years has been dramatic, and its current status is very different than it was in Joyce’s day, though it may have comparable nationalist and post-colonial resonances.

11.30pm: I make myself a hot chocolate, avoiding the mug that burnt me this morning.

Commentary: An amusing bit of humanisation here, with Panicky imagining that the mug is at fault for burning her. Again, Panicky’s behaviour echoes Bloom’s, but her motivations are distinct: in ‘Ithaca’, he chooses not to use his favourite moustache cup, bought for him by his daughter Milly, out of deference to his guest.

There is, perhaps, a poignancy here. While Bloom and Stephen both have outsider status, they have spent most of the day in company of some kind. Their sharing of cocoa has been read by some as a form of communion; regardless, it is a moment of connection. Panicky is alone. However, we should do her the honour of not assuming that she is therefore lonely. If her story, unlike that of the Blooms, does not end in a marital bed, perhaps, like Stephen’s, it continues with a leap into the dark, while the heaventree of stars is hung with humid nightblue fruit. We leave Panicky contemplating a return to familial, landlocked territory, but that does not mean that her story is at an end. In Tennyson’s Ulysses, the errant king is not satisfied on his homecoming, and ventures off again.

I cannot rest from travel: I will drink
Life to the lees: All times I have enjoy'd
Greatly, have suffer'd greatly, both with those
That loved me, and alone, on shore, and when
Thro' scudding drifts the rainy Hyades
Vext the dim sea.

For those who long to sail, the sea is always there.